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Indonesia

Republic of Indonesia

Republik Indonesia

Flag of Indonesia
National Emblem of Indonesia

Government Information

Capital: Jakarta

Population: 277.8 million (2023 est)

Area: 1,904,569 km² (735,358 sq mi)

Government Type: Unitary presidential constitutional republic

Head of State: President Joko Widodo

Head of Government: President Joko Widodo

Legislature: People's Consultative Assembly

National Language: Indonesian

Establishment: August 17, 1945 (Independence from Netherlands)

Photos

Indonesia Landscape 1
Indonesia Landscape 2
Indonesia Landscape 3
Indonesia Cityscape 1
Indonesia Cityscape 2
Indonesia Cityscape 3

Demographics

Population Stats

Core Metrics (2024):

Total Population: 277.8M

Growth Rate: 0.76%

Median Age: 30.2

Life Expectancy: 72.3

Population Density: 151/km²

Age Distribution:

0-14 years: 25.7%

15-64 years: 67.8%

65+ years: 6.5%

Working Age: 188.3M

Dependency Ratio: 47.5%

Geographic Split:

Urban: 57.4%

Rural: 42.6%

Greater Jakarta: 11.2%

Provincial Capitals: 23.8%

Other Urban: 22.4%

Island Distribution
Java: 56.1%Sumatra: 21.6%Sulawesi: 11.8%
Jakarta Metro
31.1M
Population 15-40
116.7M
World
#4
Population
Rank

Social Indicators

Education (2024):

Literacy Rate: 96.3%

Higher Education: 25.4%

Public Universities: 122

Student Population: 8.3M

Education Spending: 3.6% GDP

Social Metrics:

Healthcare Coverage: 85.5%

Social Security: 68.3%

Income Equality: 38.2 Gini

Poverty Rate: 9.5%

Middle Class: 52%

Cultural Data:

Muslim: 86.7%

Christian: 10.7%

Other: 2.6%

Languages: Indonesian (100%)

Regional: 718 living

Religious Distribution
Muslim: 86.7%Christian: 10.7%Other: 2.6%
Population in Poverty
26.4M
Muslim Population
240.9M
Social
0.705
Development
Index

Demographic Trends

Household Data (2024):

Average Size: 3.9 people

Single Person: 8.4%

Nuclear Family: 54.7%

Extended Family: 28.3%

Multi-Family: 8.6%

Marriage & Family:

Marriage Rate: 6.9/1000

Divorce Rate: 1.8/1000

Median Marriage Age: 25.6

First Child Age: 26.4

Home Ownership: 78.2%

Living Patterns:

Renting: 21.8%

Mortgage Holders: 15.3%

Outright Owners: 62.9%

Shared Housing: 12.4%

Avg. Household Income: Rp72.4M

Ethnic Distribution
Javanese: 40.2%Sundanese: 15.5%Other: 44.3%
Annual Population Change
+0.76%
Javanese Population
111.7M
2050
318.9M
Population
Forecast

Economy

Economic Assets

Core Metrics (2024):

GDP: IDR 19.8Q

GDP Growth: 5.2%

GDP Per Capita: IDR 72.5M

National Debt: IDR 7.8Q

Debt/GDP: 39.3%

Market Data:

Stock Market Cap: IDR 11.2Q

Bond Market: IDR 5.8Q

Forex Reserves: $140.2B

Gold Reserves: 78.6 tons

Currency Rate: 15,625

Trade (2024):

Exports: $312B

Imports: $278B

Balance: +$34B

Trade Volume: $590B

Partners: 190+ countries

Economic Health
Fiscal: 82%Market: 85%Resilience: 78%
Market Confidence
85%
Global Position
88%
Global
#16
Economic
Power

Budget Breakdown

Government Budget (2024):

Total Budget: IDR 3.27Q

Defense: IDR 139.8T

Healthcare: IDR 178.9T

Social Protection: IDR 476T

Debt Service: IDR 421.3T

Key Allocations:

Education: IDR 608.3T

Infrastructure: IDR 392.2T

Public Safety: IDR 182.4T

Housing: IDR 125.6T

Energy: IDR 120.4T

Revenue Sources:

Tax Revenue: IDR 2.16Q

Non-Tax Revenue: IDR 441T

Grants: IDR 2.5T

Investment: IDR FIND VALUE

Other Sources: IDR 185T

Budget Performance
Target: 88%Revenue: 85%Balance: 82%
Palm Oil Exports
34.8Mt
Coal Exports
25.2Mt
Budget
92.8%
Absorption
Rate

Economic Performance

Key Indicators (2024):

Inflation Rate: 2.8%

Interest Rate: 5.75%

Unemployment: 5.7%

Labor Force: 138.6M

Job Growth: +180K/mo

Market Stats (2024):

IDX Composite: +4.2% = 7,250

LQ45: +3.8% = 950

Market Vol: IDR 12.5T/day

IPOs: 68/year

Market Cap: IDR 11.2Q

Sector Growth:

Digital Economy: +15.2%

Manufacturing: +4.8%

Agriculture: +3.5%

Tourism: +8.2%

Mining: +5.4%

Economic Vitality
Diversity: 75%Stability: 82%Innovation: 85%
Economic Health
85%
Market Leadership
82%
5-Year
5.2%
Growth
Forecast

Culture

Cultural Assets

Heritage Sites (2024):

UNESCO World Heritage: 9

Cultural Sites: 5

Natural Sites: 4

Mixed Sites: 0

Memory of World: 12

Infrastructure:

Museums: 450

Cultural Centers: 2,850

Traditional Theaters: 1,250

Art Galleries: 850

Craft Centers: 3,250

Investment (2024):

Total: Rp12.5T

Per Capita: Rp45K

% of GDP: 0.6%

Public Share: 70%

Private Share: 30%

Cultural Access
Free Entry: 92%Daily: 95%Virtual: 82%
Heritage Preservation
93.5%
Public Accessibility
92%
Global
#5
Ranking
Cultural Heritage

Cultural Engagement

Annual Events (2024):

Traditional Performances: 18K

Art Exhibitions: 3,500

Dance Festivals: 8,500

Cultural Shows: 25K

Cultural Fairs: 12K

Participation:

Temple Visits: 450M

Festival Attendance: 385M

Cultural Programs: 125M

Heritage Tours: 85M

Digital Access: 82%

Major Events:

Galungan: 25M

Wayang Performances: 15M

Art Festivals: 8.5M

Dance Events: 12M

Heritage Days: 18M

Cultural Engagement
Physical: 94%Digital: 90%Youth: 85%
Regular Events
660M
Major Festivals
385M
Annual
1.25B
Participants
Cultural Events

Cultural Identity

Cultural Sectors:

Traditional Arts: 185K

Dance Forms: 125K

Music: 150K

Crafts: 450K

Performing Arts: 85K

Cultural Practice:

Active Artists: 850K

Performers: 450K

Artisans: 1.2M

Musicians: 385K

Cultural Groups: 45K

Recognition:

Living Heritage: 450

Protected Crafts: 850

Cultural Routes: 185

Master Artisans: 1,250

Heritage Labels: 950

Heritage Activities
Traditional: 94%Modern: 90%Digital: 85%
Traditional Practice
94%
Youth Engagement
85%
Active
2.9M
Practitioners
Cultural Arts

Education

Education System

Coverage (2024):

Public System: 100%

Primary (SD): 96.8%

Secondary (SMP/SMA): 85.2%

Private Schools: 35.5%

Higher Ed: 36.3%

Infrastructure:

Public Schools: 170,850

Private Schools: 98,250

Universities: 4,512

PTN-BH Status: 11

Research Centers: 285

Expenditure (2024):

Total: Rp 608T

Per Student: Rp 12.5M

% of GDP: 3.8%

Public Share: 74.5%

Private Share: 25.5%

Education Access
Basic: 96.8%Secondary: 85.2%Higher: 36.3%
Literacy (Adult Rate)
96.3%
Completion (Secondary)
82.5%
Global
42
Ranking
Education System

Education Metrics

PISA Scores (2022):

Math: 395

Reading: 386

Science: 403

OECD Average Gap: -18.2%

Global Rank: 38th

Key Indicators:

Student-Teacher: 25:1

UN Pass Rate: 88.5%

Dropout Rate: 12.8%

Digital Access: 65.2%

Research Output: 1.2%

Quality:

Accredited Unis: 72%

Int'l Publications: 42K

Research Impact: 0.85

Nobel Laureates: 0

Global Patents: 12.5K

Education Quality
Quality: 72%Standards: 88.5%Outcomes: 65%
University Rankings (Top 1000)
16
Research (Global Share)
1.2%
Quality
B
Grade
National Rating

Education Workforce

Educators:

Teachers: 3.2M

Professors: 285K

Researchers: 92K

Admin Staff: 425K

Support Staff: 685K

Training (2024):

Teacher Colleges: 422

Annual Graduates: 285K

PhD Programs: 185

Research Posts: 28K

Training Centers: 525

Avg. Salary (Rp M/Year):

Primary Teacher: 48.5

Secondary: 52.8

University Prof: 85.5

Senior Prof: 125.8

Researcher: 72.5

Student-Teacher Ratio
25:1 Primary28:1 Secondary22:1 Higher
Staffing (Positions Filled)
88.5%
Qualified (Teaching Staff)
82.8%
Growth
2.8%
Annual
Workforce Expansion

Healthcare

Healthcare System

Coverage (2024):

BPJS Coverage: 85.5%

Private Insurance: 8.2%

Dual Coverage: 5.5%

Uninsured: 6.3%

Int'l Agreements: 12

Infrastructure:

Hospitals: 2,925

Hospital Beds: 385,000

Puskesmas: 10,250

Pharmacies: 28,500

Private Clinics: 8,850

Expenditure (2024):

Total: Rp 485.2T

Per Capita: Rp 1.75M

% of GDP: 3.5%

Public Share: 45.2%

Private Share: 54.8%

Healthcare Access
85.5% CoverageExpanding
Occupancy
68.5%
Hospital Beds
Access
72.5%
Care Availability
WHO Ranking
92
Global
Healthcare System

Health Metrics

Life Expectancy:

Overall: 71.8 years

Male: 69.6 years

Female: 74.0 years

Healthy Life: 63.2 years

Global Rank: #108

Key Indicators:

Infant Mortality: 21.1/1K

Maternal Mortality: 177/100K

Obesity Rate: 6.9%

Diabetes: 10.7%

Heart Disease: 15.5%

Prevention:

Vaccination Rate: 85.5%

Screening Rate: 42.5%

Health Checkups: 38.5%

Mental Health: 12.5%

Chronic Care: 45.5%

Population Health
38.5% Good42.5% Fair19.0% Poor
Quality
62.5%
Patient Satisfaction
Outcomes
58.5%
Success Rate
Health
C
Grade
National Rating

Medical Workforce

Healthcare Workers:

Physicians: 185K

Nurses: 485K

Specialists: 75K

Pharmacists: 85K

Support Staff: 225K

Education (2024):

Medical Schools: 92

Annual Med Graduates: 12.5K

Nursing Programs: 885

Training Posts: 15.5K

Teaching Hospitals: 125

Avg. Salary (Rp M/Year):

Junior Doctor: 85M

Specialist: 285M

Nurse: 45M

Head Nurse: 75M

Family Doctor: 125M

Provider Ratio
0.7 Physicians1.8 Nurses0.3 Specialists
per 1,000 Population
Staffing
65.5%
Filled Positions
Specialists
42.5%
Availability
Growth
4.2%
Annual
Workforce Expansion

Technology

Tech Innovation

Startup Ecosystem:

12 Tech Unicorns

2,500+ Active Startups

$4.8B VC Investment

85+ Tech Incubators

8 Major Tech Hubs

Key Sectors (2024):

E-commerce: $95B GMV

FinTech: $35.8B GMV

Digital Services: $18.5B

Online Travel: $12.4B

Gaming: $2.8B

Growth Areas:

Digital Payments: $28.5B

EdTech: $3.2B

HealthTech: $2.5B

Cloud Services: $4.8B

Social Commerce: $15.5B

Tech Market Share
58.5% Services32.8% Software8.7% Hardware
Growth
38.5%
Annual Rate
Investment
4.8B
USD (2024)
Digital
125B
USD
Tech Economy

Research & Development

Research Network:

85 Research Centers

125 Tech Institutes

12 Tech Parks: $2.8B

145 University Labs

$8.5B Equipment

Key Projects (2024):

Digital Economy: $1.8B

AI Research: $0.5B

Smart Cities: $0.8B

Clean Tech: $0.4B

5G Network: $1.2B

Output (2023):

2,850 Patents Filed

28,500 Publications

850 Tech Transfers

385 Int'l Projects

$12.5B Economic Impact

Research Investment
38.5% Private45.8% Public15.7% Academic
Output
2.85K
Patents (2023)
Impact
0.85
Citation Index
R&D
0.28%
of GDP
$4.8B Total

Tech Workforce

Talent Pool (2024):

850K Tech Workers

285K Developers

45K Data Scientists

125K IT Engineers

25K AI Specialists

Education:

450 Tech Institutes

285K IT Students

85K Annual Grads

75.5% English Proficient

88.5% Employment Rate

Avg. Salary (USD/Year):

Senior Dev: $24,500

Data Scientist: $22,000

DevOps Eng: $23,800

AI Engineer: $26,500

Tech Lead: $32,000

Specialization
45.5% Software45.8% Services8.7% Hardware
Employed
88.5%
Tech Graduates
Demand
85K
Open Positions
Annual
32.5%
Growth
Tech Employment

News

Tourism

Tourism Overview

Key Metrics (2024):

Int'l Visitors: 16.4M/year

Domestic Trips: 732M/year

Total Revenue: $17.8B

GDP Contribution: 5.7%

Tourism Jobs: 4.4M

Top Origins:

Singapore: 18.4%

Malaysia: 16.7%

Australia: 12.8%

China: 11.4%

India: 7.2%

Top Destinations:

Bali: 6.8M/year

Jakarta: 3.2M/year

Yogyakarta: 2.1M/year

Lombok: 1.8M/year

Raja Ampat: 0.9M/year

Top Int'l Destinations
Bali: 41.5%Jakarta: 19.5%Yogya: 12.8%
Int'l Tourist Spending
$17.8B
Domestic Trips
732M
UNWTO
#22
Tourism
Rank

Tourism Infrastructure

Accommodation (2024):

Total Hotels: 28,974

Occupancy Rate: 68.7%

Avg. Daily Rate: $98

Luxury Villas: 4,827

Homestays: 42,893

Seasonal Activities:

Dry (Apr-Oct): Beaches, Hiking

Wet (Nov-Mar): Culture, Spa

Peak (Jul-Aug): Festivals

Off-Peak: Diving, Nature

Year-round: Food, Markets

Key Attractions:

Temples: 24,847

Beaches: 2,472

UNESCO Sites: 9

National Parks: 54

Dive Sites: 1,784

Most Visited Attractions
Tanah Lot: 4.2MBorobudur: 3.8MPrambanan: 3.1M
Air Connectivity
82.4%
Transport Coverage
67.8%
WEF Report
B-
Infrastructure
Grade

Visitor Experience

Satisfaction (2024):

Overall Rating: 8.7/10

Value for Money: 9.2/10

Safety: 7.8/10

Hospitality: 9.4/10

Return Intent: 86%

Popular Activities:

Beaches: 88.4%

Cultural Sites: 82.7%

Nature/Wildlife: 78.9%

Water Sports: 72.4%

Spa/Wellness: 68.7%

Spending Patterns:

Accommodation: 32.4%

Activities: 24.7%

Food & Beverage: 22.8%

Transport: 12.4%

Shopping: 7.7%

Visitor Satisfaction
Overall: 8.7Value: 9.2Safety: 7.8
Avg. Daily Spend
$112
Return Rate
86%
TripAdvisor
#12
Experience
Rank

Infrastructure

Transportation

Road Network:

585,000 KM Total

2,850 KM Toll Roads

62% Good Condition

8,500 Major Bridges

Rp385T Investment

Rail System:

6,800 KM Track

High-Speed: 142 KM

Metro: 285 KM

Trans-Sumatra: 2,150 KM

Rp285T Network

Air & Sea:

285 Airports

2,850 Seaports

Maritime Gateway

Rp225T Port Value

Rp185T Air Network

Network Distribution
Road: 45%Sea: 35%Air: 20%
Coverage
68%
National Access
Condition
62%
Infrastructure Grade
Annual
985
Trillion IDR
Transport Budget

Utilities

Power Grid:

485,000 KM Lines

385 Power Plants

15% Renewable Mix

850 Smart Stations

Rp425T Network

Water Systems:

285,000 KM Pipes

2,850 Reservoirs

72% Quality Rate

1,850 Treatment

Rp285T Network

Management:

Gas: 85,000 KM

Geothermal: 2.3 GW

Smart Grid: 35%

Solar Farms: 285

Storage: 28 TWh

System Distribution
Power: 42%Water: 38%Gas: 20%
Coverage
75%
Service Access
Reliability
72%
System Uptime
Annual
785
Trillion IDR
Utility Budget

Digital Infrastructure

Network Coverage:

5G: 28% Coverage

4G: 95% Coverage

Fiber: 35% Access

Rural: 25% Connected

Rp285T Investment

Smart Systems:

98 Smart Cities

22M IoT Devices

185 Data Centers

45% Cloud Access

Rp185T Network

Innovation:

AI Integration: 38%

Quantum Ready: 15%

Edge Computing: 32%

Digital Twin: 25%

Cyber Defense: 52%

Tech Distribution
Network: 42%Cloud: 38%Edge: 20%
Speed
45%
Global Ranking
Access
52%
Population Coverage
Annual
485
Trillion IDR
Digital Investment

International Relations

Diplomatic Status

Key Alliances:

ASEAN Chair 2025

G20 Member State

RCEP Partner ($258B)

IPEF Framework

OIC Leadership

Representation:

132 Embassies Active

78 Consulates General

24 Cultural Centers

2,840 Diplomatic Staff

Rp9.8T KEMLU Budget

Current Status:

Maritime Hub Vision

Green Investment Lead

Digital Economy Push

Nickel Trade Power

EV Supply Chain

Mission Distribution
ASEAN: 44%Global: 36%Other: 20%
Global
85%
Diplomatic Coverage
ASEAN
94%
Integration Level
Active
179
Diplomatic
Relations

Treaties & Agreements

Major Treaties:

RCEP Trade ($258B)

EU CEPA ($32.4B)

UAE Deal ($25.8B)

Korea FTA ($21.2B)

ASEAN Hub ($238B)

Trade Status:

China: $146.8B Flow

US: $47.2B Exchange

Japan: $42.5B Trade

Singapore: $34.8B

EU: $32.4B Commerce

Key Agreements:

Nickel Tech ($42B)

Green Energy ($28B)

Digital Trade ($15B)

EV Supply ($22B)

Palm Oil ($35B)

Agreement Types
Trade: 45%Defense: 35%Other: 20%
Active
642
Total Treaties
Trade
$568B
Annual Volume
New
22
Agreements
In 2024

Conflicts & Disputes

Active Disputes:

Nickel Policy ($18.2B)

Palm Oil Ban (€4.8B)

EV Standards ($8.4B)

Maritime Zones (4 Areas)

Data Centers ($5.2B)

Trade Impacts:

Raw Minerals (-32%)

EU Exports (-€2.8B)

Tech Transfer (-15%)

Green Products (-22%)

Digital Trade (-$4.2B)

Resolution Progress:

WTO Cases: 3 Active

EU Talks: Phase 2

ASEAN Waters +45%

Green Cert +28%

Tech Rules +52%

Issue Distribution
Economic: 42%Maritime: 38%Tech: 20%
Resolved
5
2024 Disputes
Active
7
Major Issues
Total
42
Billion USD
Under Dispute

Military

Armed Forces

Army:

300,400 Active

130,000 Combat Forces

85,000 Combat Support

55,000 Logistics

30,400 Command/Intel

Navy:

65,000 Active

25,000 Surface Fleet

20,000 Marine Corps

12,000 Coastal Defense

8,000 Support/Intel

Air Force:

37,850 Active

15,000 Combat Air

12,000 Air Defense

6,000 Transport

4,850 Tech/Support

Force Distribution
Army: 74%Navy: 16%Air: 10%
Total
403,250
Active Personnel
Combat
350,000
Ready Force
Personnel
147
Per 100K
Population

Equipment & Strategic Forces

Conventional:

315 Main Battle Tanks

98 Combat Aircraft

5 Submarines

7 Frigates

156 Patrol Vessels

Strategic:

52 Transport Aircraft

76 Attack Helicopters

Maritime Patrol

Coastal Radar Net

Island Defense

Space & Tech:

4 Military Satellites

1,500 Cyber Force

1 Space Center

18 Early Warning Radar

25 Ground Stations

Asset Distribution
Land: 315Air: 98Sea: 168
Modern
45%
Fleet Status
Strategic
60%
Readiness
Total
581
Major
Systems

Defense Capabilities

Operations:

3 Regional Commands

Archipelagic Defense

Maritime Security

Counter-Terrorism

Disaster Response

Industry:

PT Pindad

PT PAL Indonesia

PT Dirgantara

PT Dahana

Growing Capacity

Budget:

$9.3B Total

$8.5B Base

$0.8B Research

0.8% GDP

Steady Growth

Budget Allocation
Personnel: 50%Operations: 35%Research: 15%
Local
$2.1B
Industry Output
Active
75%
Operation Rate
Per Soldier
$23K
Annual
Investment
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